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Saint Louis, Missouri 63132 USA

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Transloading Terminals

Hydraulic fracture drilling operations have expanded in recent years, as a result, companies involved in the oil and gas energy sectors have focused their attention on the cost and complexities related to the logistics and cost of Frac Sand supply to the vicinity of the drilling operations.

Frac Sand production is not always near to the gas and oil fields. If distances exceed 100 miles, it’s more economical to transport by rail, in this case transloading operations at the location of the oil wells play an important role in the availability and reliability of Frac Sand supply.

Transloading terminals require efficient access and distribution capacity to optimize their commercial viability and growth potential. PEC Consulting Group is experienced in transloading terminals that efficiently and effectively optimize logistic costs.

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Transloading Systems

There are 3 different systems for transloading, depending on requirements based on the “length of use” and “throughput”. The systems could be:

    • Rail – Truck : Lowest CapEx; High OpEx.
    • Rail – Warehouse – Truck : Medium CapEx; Medium OpEx (no-demurrage).
    • Rail – Silo – Truck : Highest CapEx; Very Low OpEx.

PEC Consulting is experienced in studies for the development of transloading terminals. We have served clients with feasibility studies, evaluation of potential sites, property acquisition, permitting and rail & truck logistics analysis.

 

How can we help you? Get in touch with our team of experts.

Structural Pathology

We have expertise in both concrete and steel structural pathology. We offer highly detailed analyses of behaviors of structures subjected to any kind of loading conditions including physical and/or chemical attack, allowing precise diagnostics and retrofits solution techniques for the best repair method. A structural pathology diagnosis comprises:

    • Detailed analysis based on realistic 3D Structural Numerical Models to simulate the structural problem.
    • Consideration of all loads and load combinations acting on the structure and foundation during construction and operation.
    • Consideration of the real boundary conditions (supports, load and displacement locations, etc.).
    • Evaluation of possible soil-foundation structure interaction effects.
    • Analysis and consideration of construction and maintenance conditions.

As a preventive and maintenance & reliability measure, we perform methodical analysis of the structural components of your facility. The breadth of knowledge of our Consultants in the Structural field allows us to provide a practical assessment of structural deficiencies, solutions and recommendations to prevent and repair imminent problems.

Because buildings, storages (silos, etc.) and equipment foundation systems are a major investment in a minerals processing facility, a structural evaluation provides a cost-effective solution to plant maintenance. It also prevents the risk of injury and life loss to plant personnel and it increases the plant’s reliability and life of the facility.

To learn more about this subject, click on this published article: Evaluation of Buildings and Structures for Heavy Industrial Plants

How can we help you? Get in touch with our team of experts.

Cement Distribution Terminals & Logistics

PEC Consulting is experienced in all aspects of cement distribution.

As plants become larger in capacity and distances to market increase, the economics of the distribution chain becomes critical to the financial success of a cement manufacturing facility. The design and operation of transporting, storing, and distributing is extremely important.

The distribution system components, such as types of storage and materials handling equipment, have an effect on the economics of the operation.

Logistical calculations of various options will show the capacity of the ship unloading facility, storage facility, and the size of reclaiming and truck load-out systems. The same applies when distributing from rail to truck.

Logistics for importing cement are very important in calculating the competitive position of imports versus local production. The following is taken into consideration calculations: dock occupancy with relation to the capacity of the ship unloader, required size of the ships, unloading time per ship, throughput of the terminal with the corresponding number of trucks, size of the storage facility, etc.

PEC Consulting offers comprehensive studies for cost-effective solutions for the distribution of cement to a satellite market. Our knowledgeable staff has designed many cement distribution terminals to fit our clients’ requirements. One of them, the cement transfer terminal with modular rail unloader, automated truck load-out and weight scale system, minimizes construction costs and installation time. Other designs, like the one appropriate for navigable rivers uses river cells for proper draft for the ship or barge.

We perform studies for cement distribution systems with logistics costs in mind. Furthermore, we have the know-how to design a system that will meet the specific needs of our clients. Regardless of the design, all the components of the distribution terminal, including the storage facility and conveying system, will be laid out to obtain optimal flow of cement and efficient ship loading. Consideration is also provided for the environment and a dust collector and a simple and complete de-dusting circuit is included in the design.

How can we help you? Get in touch with our team of experts.

Grinding Plants

When raw materials availability, funding, schedule or other factors do not support the implementation of a full clinker/cement manufacturing facility at a location, a Satellite Cement Grinding Plant could be a strategic alternative solution.

Additives used in blended cements, such as pozzolan or slag, may not be available at the location of the clinker plant. As an economic measure, many cement companies have opted to ship clinker to satellite grinding facilities for the supplementation of readily available additives at the location of the grinding plant.

In the manufacturing of Cement, clinker grinding is an important process in obtaining a high quality product.  As the main requirement is to obtain a consistent fineness of the ground clinker, there are important factors to be considered such as, for example, the feed rate of clinker into the finish mill in an open circuit system, the addition of gypsum to control the setting properties of cement, temperature control, etc. Our team of Process Consultants is knowledgeable in all aspects of cement grinding process requirements. For many years, they have worked together on many projects which called for mechanical, process, structural and electrical engineering for the installation of new finish mills, selection of equipment, construction bid packages, construction management, commissioning, and start-up assistance.

PEC Consulting can do a study to install or upgrade a clinker grinding plant — complete with a packing plant and material handling equipment, including the economics of the project. The efficiency of a cement grinding plant is always a consideration, giving special attention to power consumption, the high performance of equipment, and quality of the end product.

We carry out scoping studies, pre-feasibility and full feasibility studies and can determine if the implementation of a satellite grinding plant is a recommended economic option for your cement operation.

How can we help you? Get in touch with our team of experts.

Comparative Properties of Bituminous Coal and Petroleum Coke as Fuels in Cement Kilns

By Jagrut Upadhyay and Narayana Jayaraman

Bituminous coal has been in use as fuel in cement kilns for a long time. With coal costs continuously rising, cement plants have been looking for alternative less expensive fuels. Petroleum coke presents a viable alternative because of its lower cost since it is a byproduct of the refining process. It has a high heat value and low ash content, which favor its use in cement kilns. However, petroleum coke presents some challenges, such as high sulfur content and poor grindability, compounded by the need to grind it finer due to a low volatile content.

The following table provides a comparison between bituminous coal and petroleum coke with respect to their characteristics and operational and emission aspects. The comparison is on a very broad basis and an evaluation is required for each specific coal and petcoke origin.

Table 1.  Comparison Between Bituminous Coal & Petroleum Coke

    • Petroleum coke is a viable alternative fuel to Bituminous Coal provided the challenges associated with it are properly addressed.
    • The quality of Petroleum coke varies from source to source. Depending on the refining process, various types of Petroleum coke are produced.
    • To ensure a successful operation, a detailed study based on the characteristics of the raw material and Petroleum coke to be used is required.
    • Additional investment may be envisaged for incorporating technology that supports use of Petroleum coke as fuel and for controlling environmental emission levels.
    • The use of petroleum coke may be limited by its high sulfur content. Technological measures such as finer grinding, pre-calciners designed to have a higher retention time, an external combustion chamber before the calciner, a special high-momentum kiln burner, etc. will help to effectively utilize Petroleum coke.
    • Based on the quality of Petroleum coke, typically a mixed fuel firing is designed. The percentage of Petroleum coke is determined based on quality and operational trials.

About the Author(s)

Narayana Jayaraman

Mr. Jayaraman has over 48 years of experience in the cement industry with expertise in plant conceptualization, layout, various operating systems, process calculations, production optimization, and Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) based power projects for cement and lime plants. He has led several studies to estimate realistic waste heat for power generation. He has had in-depth exposure to the technical, economic, and commercial aspects of large cement projects, and extensive experience in the upgrade and optimization of existing plants. He earned a BS in Mechanical Engineering from Osmania University, Hyderabad, India, and an MS in Mechanical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.

 

PEC Consulting Group LLC | PENTA Engineering Corporation | St. Louis, Missouri, USA

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Plant Maintenance & Reliability Audits

Plant Maintenance and Reliability Audit identifies aspects that prevent plants from increasing capacity and maximizing productivity. At PEC Consulting, we provide recommendations and action plans to bring each plant to a World Class / Best in Class Maintenance facility. In recent years, reliability engineering concepts have been adopted by process industries with significant improvements in financial performance.

Benefits

For each percentage of availability lost, facilities lose millions of dollars due to low production. However, a small increase in equipment reliability converts into an increase in production and substantial increases in revenue, particularly for those products in strong demand (by the magic of incremental margins). Considering the high capital costs invested in the minerals industries, increasing reliability results in a high return on investment.

What We Do

At PEC Consulting, we provide the following:

    • Comprehensive Maintenance and Reliability Audits to mineral processing facilities.
    • Analyze Maintenance and Reliability management systems, preventive and predictive systems, organizational structure and staff, methods and procedures.
    • Benchmark and score your maintenance program against industry’s Best Practice standards. Best Practices enhance equipment reliability and realized capacity by avoiding unnecessary production interruptions. Production interruption due to lack of equipment reliability increases a unit’s production cost.
    • We make appropriate recommendations for improvements, with follow-up audits and consulting services to help with the implementation process.
    • Plant Maintenance and Reliability Audits for Cement Plants.
    • Plant Maintenance and Reliability Audits for Lime Plants.
    • Plant Maintenance and Reliability Audits for Coal Mines.
    • Plant Maintenance and Reliability Audits for Industrial Minerals Industries.

How can we help you? Get in touch with our team of experts.

Economic Analysis

All investment decisions should be made following a rigorous Economic Analysis

PEC Consulting’s Economic Analysis includes CapEx and OpEx calculations, Market Price and modeling of different scenarios to develop a Sensitivity Analysis. This model will determine how the Project’s Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return and Payback will be affected by variations in CapEx, OpEx and Market Pricing, which provides the investor with information on the potential risks originating from project variables.

Benefits

An Economic Analysis is a powerful tool used to assess the expected returns from an investment and for the Owner to choose among potential investment opportunities.

What We Do

    • Approach your particular project systematically and evaluate all pros and cons of your potential investment.
    • Address and consider investment and operating costs and risks, and provide a course of action that best benefits your organization. Benefit-cost analysis is one of the most important tools in making sound decisions.
    • Provide a Sensitivity Analysis considering:
      • Operating costs
      • Capital costs
      • Market Price
      • other specific variables which may be of concern to the project
    • Prepare a comprehensive Economic Analysis Report detailing the analytical procedures utilized, and attaching the data used in the analysis.
    • Economic Analysis is utilized in scoping studies, pre-feasibility and feasibility studies; in project options comparative analysis, in facility valuations, due diligence work and in selection of process options.
    • Economic Analysis for Cement Plants.
    • Economic Analysis for Lime Plants.
    • Economic Analysis for Coal Mining.
    • Economic Analysis for Industrial Minerals Industries.

How can we help you? Get in touch with our team of experts.

Alternative Fuels

The use of alternative fuels, also known as “co-processing”, is the use of combustible waste materials as a source of energy in pyro-processing of cement manufacturing plants, lime plants, and in the calcining of other minerals.

Some forms of alternative fuels are:

    • Used tires.
    • Plastic waste (bags, bottles etc.).
    • Waste Oils.
    • Solvents.
    • Saw dust.
    • Paint.
    • Hazardous Wastes.
    • RDF (Refuse Derived Fuels).

Benefits

Conversion to alternative fuels benefits the economy of operation by lowering fuel costs. In some cases, a facility that uses alternative fuels receives economic compensation for waste elimination (e.g. use of Hazardous Wastes). In addition to energy recovery, there are considerable environmental/green benefits, such as the reduction of emissions and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by not using natural non-renewable raw materials and fuels such as coal. In certain countries, these savings can be utilized for Carbon Trading credits.

However, because of their inherent characteristics, the implementation of alternative fuels present a challenge to use which, if not handled properly, may impact the manufacturing process, product quality, and environmental exposure.

What We Do

At PEC Consulting we provide innovative and thoughtful solutions to help the cement industry and lime industry implement co-processing at their plants and become more cost efficient, which improves their economic competitiveness.

An alternative fuels project will evaluate the characteristics of co-processing and recommend ways to handle and utilize fuels in the pyro-process in the most effective and secure way.

Our scope of work includes:

    • Studies for handling and firing Solid Waste Fuels.
    • Studies for handling and firing Liquid Waste Fuels.
    • Studies for handling and firing Hazardous Waste Fuels.
    • Conceptual studies to use whole or shredded tires.
    • Studies to use gas or petroleum coke (petcoke) as replacement fuel.
    • Alternative Fuels / Co-Processing Studies for Cement Plants.
    • Alternative Fuels / Co-Processing Studies for Lime Plants.

How can we help you? Get in touch with our team of experts.

Waste Heat Recovery Systems

Waste Heat Recovery Systems (WHR) utilize the heat in industrial waste gases for the generation of electrical power. WHR Systems are common in cement and lime plants and other pyroprocess industries where Rotary Kilns are used and the price and reliability of grid power supply make the investment economically feasible.

In developing the concepts for the WHR system, the challenge lies in determining the optimum quantity of waste heat available for power generation and in integrating the WHR system with the cement process. PEC Consulting can assist the client to perform a Feasibility Study to assess the optimum size and configuration of the WHR system and the viability of the project. The study will provide recommendations for an efficient and economical system based on several factors such as the thermal capacity of exhaust gases, size and type of heat exchanger, and desired parameters of the cogeneration system operating conditions.

In some cogeneration systems, the exhaust gas from power generator sets using diesel oil or furnace oil is used as a source of heat for the WHR plant.

Benefits

    • Reduction of electrical power demand from the grid and consequently of the plant’s operating costs.
    • Reliable electrical power supply from waste gases from the kiln and cooler.
    • Reduction of the carbon footprint by conserving the use of fossil fuels and thus helping the environment.

What We Do

    • Assess the realistic quantity of heat that can be recovered taking into account variations in the drying requirements of raw materials and fuel throughout the year. This analysis results in optimum sizing of the WHR system.
    • Determine the energy recovery process to be utilized: The steam Rankine cycle uses water as the thermodynamic medium and is commonly used for generating power from high temperature sources. Depending on the temperature and other situational factors, some plants use the Organic Rankine cycle for generating power, using an organic compound as the thermodynamic medium.
    • Optimize the layout of the boilers and power generation system considering plant footprint space constraints.
    • Provide an effective integration of the WHR equipment with the existing cement plant or industrial facility.
    • Provide our clients with an assessment of the power potential, a financial analysis with capital and operating cost estimates, and an economic analysis to assess the viability of the project.
    • Technical Feasibility Studies of WHR Systems for Cement Plants.
    • Technical Feasibility Studies of WHR Systems for Lime Plants.

Learn more about WHR; click on the following publication:

Waste Heat Recovery for Power Generation

To download a list or Energy Efficiency/Process Studies, including WHR projects, please click here.

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Coal Mining Industry

PEC Consulting Group LLC is the consulting arm of PENTA Engineering Corporation, a full-service engineering and consulting company. Our senior consultants have extensive industry experience with world-class organizations to provide a wide range of consulting services to the mining industry. Areas of expertise include surface open pit and contour mines, underground longwall and room and pillar mines (bord and pillar), coal processing, material handling and transportation always focusing on identifying potential production enhancements and cost reductions. Prior clients have included Peabody Energy and Arch Coal.

Services

Our senior mining consultants have in depth-knowledge of the coal business and extensive experience providing value added services to the mining industry with a steadfast commitment to identify potential enhancements to production and cost reduction initiatives. We are accomplished professionals who routinely provide the following consulting services:

    • Front-end engineering studies.
    • Scoping Studies.
    • Feasibility studies.
    • Coal resource and reserve estimations.
    • Economic and financial analysis.
    • Security of supply.
    • Due Diligence investigations.
    • Mergers and acquisitions.
    • Operations improvement.
    • Studies for the expansion of surface and underground coal mines.
    • Management consulting.
    • Site advisory services.
    • Quality assurance / quality control monitoring.
    • Mine ventilation studies.
    • Transportation studies / Transportation management.
    • Barge and rail loadout facilities.
    • Material handling and auxiliary equipment selection.
    • Civil engineering.
    • Project management.
    • Construction permitting.

How can we help you? Get in touch with our team of experts.